Summary3+Documents-Transportation+International+Trade

= = There are many different types of documents, commercial, administrative, insurance and transport required for foreign transactions. Documents used in International Trade are needed for several reasons. First of all they are proof that a contract is taking place. Secondly, there are some documents that specify the type of good that the carrier must collect in order to distribute the good. Documents also give specific information of the good that are needed for customs, in order to applied taxes and duties. There are many different types of Documents used in International Trade, these are the categories: = = A contract usually states the obligations of more than two parties involved (the seller and the buyer). Most International contracts are regulated by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG). This type of regulations implies that sales contracts and the obligations between the seller and the buyer must be in accordance to all the rules established in the (CISG). This is the main objective because it helps to eliminate any ambiguity that might be cause thanks to all the different trade laws between nations. The Contracts for the International Sales of Goods applies in those countries that have ratified the treaty. There are some elements needed in order to apply the contract regulations:
 * 1) **Transactions Documents**: are those that proof that a business transaction is taking place.
 * 2) **Export Documents:** this type of documents may vary from country to country and those are required by customs.
 * 3) **Transport Documents**: are issued by a shipping line, air cargo carrier and land transport, this type of document is really important because provides the exactly terms of transport of the cargo.
 * 4) **Inspection Documents:** it is one of the most important types of International trade Documents, it certifies the quantity and quality of the shipment.
 * 5) **Insurance Documents:** are required to certify that the shipment is insured.
 * 6) **Banking and payment documents:** include various advices and all other documents used in trade.
 * 7) **Import Documents**: are required by customs and also may vary from one country to another.
 * 1) **Contract Date:** this specifies the date on which contract is signed.
 * 2) **Identification of the Parties**: this identifies the name of the parties involved in the contract.
 * 3) **Goods:** this required the goods specifications that should be included in a contract.
 * 4) **Packing Arrangements:** specifies the type of packing required, that depends of goods characteristics in case that can be damage in transit.
 * 5) **Transportation Arrangements:** this part specifies the name of the freight carrier and the party responsible for the payment.
 * 6) **Cost and Charges:** specify the party to pay any additional charges if it is needed.
 * 7) **Payment:** the seller always required a secure form of payment before shipment of merchandise and the buyer might wait until the goods are received before emitting the payment.
 * 8) **Import Documentation:** this part indicates the import and export documents that both parties will obtain.
 * 9) **Inspection Rights**: it assures that the buyer has the right to inspect the merchandise in order to approve that the merchandise is not damage; and that helps to determine the nature of the good specified in the contract regulation.
 * 10) **Warranty Provisions**: it specifies the warranty, the property of the product, and the fitness of the goods.
 * 11) **Indemnity:** agree that one of the parties involved in the contract will not take the responsibility for any flaws due to specific causes.
 * 12) **Enforcement Remedies:** there are many different clauses that a contract might be aware of in order to protect the integrity of the parties involved (seller and buyer). For example: Governing Law, Arbitration Provisions and Severability.

There are many different documents needed in International Trade Transactions. **The Purchase and Sales Documents** specifies that a real transaction is taking place. **The Purchase Order** is a form used to request goods and services; it also represents the formal and final agreement to a purchasing transaction. **The Pro-Forma Invoice** is an invoice format specifying price with tax and shipping charges; it is also used as a pre-payment documents. **The Commercial Invoice** is the seller’s bill of sale for goods sold with their specification, quantity and price. And last but not least **The Consular Invoice** which is a special form available through the embassy or consulate of the importing country, providing customs authorities in the import country with an official document. This are some key examples of the documents used in some of the International Trade Transactions.

There are other important documents that the importer or the exporter must have on hand when trading, a certificate of origin, inspection certificate, packing list and specification, weight note, certificate of analysis and blacklist certificate, letter of insurance and insurance certificates are just a few of the documents needed.

International transport covers the whole world and it uses all types of means of transport such as trucks, planes, containers, river transport and some others. The Intermodal Transportation is often used in International Trade that is a containerized movement of cargo, over land or sea. A containerized cargo shipment depends on four basics regulations such as The Cargo Container Match, The Checking Container Quality, The Loading Process and the Transport Documents. There are some Advantages in utilizing this method of shipping such as Security and Confidence, because it is no opened until its arrival at the consignees’ destination.

This type of transport also reduces Packing Costs, The Cost of Terminal Handling and the Insurance Cost, reducing overall transit time of shipment. Every container must have a Container Safety Certificate (CSC) issued by the manufacturer and this must be renewed every 30 months. Also The International Standards Organization (ISO) recommends a series of internal and external dimensions for containers which a container may carry, in order to operate with all the regulations that the ISO Code established.

There are different types of Containers; the most common is **The General Cargo Container** which is used for most general cargo commodities and it is fully enclosed and waterproof that helps to keep the merchandise dry. **The Specific Cargo Container** is used to facilitate the packing of the merchandise with other specific purposes such as ventilation. There are 9 types of Specific Containers that helps the packing and emptying of the container. **The** **Closed Ventilated Container** used for the carriage of the cargo and it is designed natural or mechanical ventilation. **The Open Top Container** is used for machinery, sheet glass and long objects. **The** **Platform (flat rack)** is used for machinery, lumber and other heavy large objects. **The** **Reefer Container** is used for perishable goods and has insulated walls, which limit the range of temperature. **The Mechanically Refrigerated Container** uses a refrigerating appliance such as the mechanical compressor. **The Refrigerated Container** uses dry or liquefied gases and does not require an external power supply. **The Tank Container** is used for the carriage of bulk gases and liquid. **The Dry Bulk Container** is used for the carriage of dry solids, such as grains and dry chemicals. And **the Named Cargo Types** which consists of various types of containers, such as automobile and livestock.

International Transport also needs some specific documents in order to follow the International Regulations. These documents are known as Bill of Lading, Airway Bill, Road Waybills and Rail Waybills.
 * The Bill of Lading** is a contract of carriage that identifies the parties involved in the transaction and their responsibility; this type of document is necessary to transport any type of merchandise or consignment by sea. **The Airway Bill** is issued by airlines when transportation is carried out by air and it is issued under the Warsaw Convention, it covers both domestic and international flights transporting goods to a specified destination. **The Road Waybill or Rail Waybill** serves as a receipt for goods; this must be signed indication the receipt by the carrier.

To begin with, who on earth said purchase and sale documents was to be included in this summary? Here's the rest of the assessment

Summary Scoring Rubric


 * **Selection and phrasing of information from the reading ** || **Students performance ** ||
 * 2 |||| The writer includes most of the relevant information from the reading. Very few irrelevant details or no writer’s personal comments are included in the summary. He/she paraphrases all the information taken from the reading. ||  ||
 * 1.5 |||| Some irrelevant or inaccurate information is included in the summary. The writer includes some personal comments about the topic. Most of the information from the reading is paraphrased, but few parts of the summary may be copied from the reading. ||  ||
 * 1 |||| **Irrelevant or inaccurate information is included in most of the summary.** The writer’s opinion is reflected in most parts of the summary. Several parts of the summary are copied from the reading. || X ||
 * 0.25 |||| Only irrelevant or inaccurate information from the reading is included in the summary. The summary is the writer’s opinion about the topic of the reading. Most or all the summary is copied from the reading. ||  ||
 * **Language ** ||  ||
 * 1.5 |||| The text has very few minor errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or grammar. || X ||
 * 1 |||| The text has several errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or grammar, but they do not impede text comprehension. ||  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">0.5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">The text has numerous errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or grammar that impede its comprehension frequently. ||  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">The text shows a lack of control of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or grammar. ||  ||

**<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 18.6667px;">TOTAL SCORE: 2.5/ 3.5 **